using System;

namespace AIStudio.Wpf.DiagramDesigner.Geometrys
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Bezier Spline methods
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Modified: Peter Lee (peterlee.com.cn < at > gmail.com)
    ///   Update: 2009-03-16
    /// 
    /// see also:
    /// Draw a smooth curve through a set of 2D points with Bezier primitives
    /// http://www.codeproject.com/KB/graphics/BezierSpline.aspx
    /// By Oleg V. Polikarpotchkin
    /// 
    /// Algorithm Descripition:
    /// 
    /// To make a sequence of individual Bezier curves to be a spline, we
    /// should calculate Bezier control points so that the spline curve
    /// has two continuous derivatives at knot points.
    /// 
    /// Note: `[]` denotes subscript
    ///        `^` denotes supscript
    ///        `'` denotes first derivative
    ///       `''` denotes second derivative
	///       
    /// A Bezier curve on a single interval can be expressed as:
    /// 
    /// B(t) = (1-t)^3 P0 + 3(1-t)^2 t P1 + 3(1-t)t^2 P2 + t^3 P3          (*)
    /// 
    /// where t is in [0,1], and
    ///     1. P0 - first knot point
    ///     2. P1 - first control point (close to P0)
    ///     3. P2 - second control point (close to P3)
    ///     4. P3 - second knot point
    ///     
    /// The first derivative of (*) is:
    /// 
    /// B'(t) = -3(1-t)^2 P0 + 3(3t^2–4t+1) P1 + 3(2–3t)t P2 + 3t^2 P3
    /// 
    /// The second derivative of (*) is:
    /// 
    /// B''(t) = 6(1-t) P0 + 6(3t-2) P1 + 6(1–3t) P2 + 6t P3
    /// 
    /// Considering a set of piecewise Bezier curves with n+1 points
    /// (Q[0..n]) and n subintervals, the (i-1)-th curve should connect
    /// to the i-th one:
    /// 
    /// Q[0] = P0[1],
    /// Q[1] = P0[2] = P3[1], ... , Q[i-1] = P0[i] = P3[i-1]  (i = 1..n)   (@)
    /// 
    /// At the i-th subinterval, the Bezier curve is:
    /// 
    /// B[i](t) = (1-t)^3 P0[i] + 3(1-t)^2 t P1[i] + 
    ///           3(1-t)t^2 P2[i] + t^3 P3[i]                 (i = 1..n)
    /// 
    /// applying (@):
    /// 
    /// B[i](t) = (1-t)^3 Q[i-1] + 3(1-t)^2 t P1[i] + 
    ///           3(1-t)t^2 P2[i] + t^3 Q[i]                  (i = 1..n)   (i)
    ///           
    /// From (i), the first derivative at the i-th subinterval is:
    /// 
    /// B'[i](t) = -3(1-t)^2 Q[i-1] + 3(3t^2–4t+1) P1[i] +
    ///            3(2–3t)t P2[i] + 3t^2 Q[i]                 (i = 1..n)
    /// 
    /// Using the first derivative continuity condition:
    /// 
    /// B'[i-1](1) = B'[i](0)
    /// 
    /// we get:
    /// 
    /// P1[i] + P2[i-1] = 2Q[i-1]                             (i = 2..n)   (1)
    /// 
    /// From (i), the second derivative at the i-th subinterval is:
    /// 
    /// B''[i](t) = 6(1-t) Q[i-1] + 6(3t-2) P1[i] +
    ///             6(1-3t) P2[i] + 6t Q[i]                   (i = 1..n)
    /// 
    /// Using the second derivative continuity condition:
    /// 
    /// B''[i-1](1) = B''[i](0)
    /// 
    /// we get:
    /// 
    /// P1[i-1] + 2P1[i] = P2[i] + 2P2[i-1]                   (i = 2..n)   (2)
    /// 
    /// Then, using the so-called "natural conditions":
    /// 
    /// B''[1](0) = 0
    /// 
    /// B''[n](1) = 0
    /// 
    /// to the second derivative equations, and we get:
    /// 
    /// 2P1[1] - P2[1] = Q[0]                                              (3)
    /// 
    /// 2P2[n] - P1[n] = Q[n]                                              (4)
    /// 
    /// From (1)(2)(3)(4), we have 2n conditions for n first control points
    /// P1[1..n], and n second control points P2[1..n].
    /// 
    /// Eliminating P2[1..n], we get (be patient to get :-) a set of n
    /// equations for solving P1[1..n]:
    /// 
    ///   2P1[1]   +  P1[2]   +            = Q[0] + 2Q[1]
    ///    P1[1]   + 4P1[2]   +    P1[3]   = 4Q[1] + 2Q[2]
    ///  ...
    ///    P1[i-1] + 4P1[i]   +    P1[i+1] = 4Q[i-1] + 2Q[i]
    ///  ...
    ///    P1[n-2] + 4P1[n-1] +    P1[n]   = 4Q[n-2] + 2Q[n-1]
    ///               P1[n-1] + 3.5P1[n]   = (8Q[n-1] + Q[n]) / 2
    ///  
    /// From this set of equations, P1[1..n] are easy but tedious to solve.
    /// </remarks>
	public static class BezierSpline
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Get open-ended Bezier Spline Control Points.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="knots">Input Knot Bezier spline points.</param>
        /// <param name="firstControlPoints">Output First Control points array of knots.Length - 1 length.</param>
        /// <param name="secondControlPoints">Output Second Control points array of knots.Length - 1 length.</param>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="knots"/> parameter must be not null.</exception>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException"><paramref name="knots"/> array must containg at least two points.</exception>
        public static void GetCurveControlPoints(PointBase[] knots, out PointBase[] firstControlPoints, out PointBase[] secondControlPoints)
        {
            if (knots == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("knots");
            int n = knots.Length - 1;
            if (n < 1)
                throw new ArgumentException("At least two knot points required", "knots");
            if (n == 1)
            { // Special case: Bezier curve should be a straight line.
                firstControlPoints = new PointBase[1];
                // 3P1 = 2P0 + P3
                firstControlPoints[0] = new PointBase((2 * knots[0].X + knots[1].X) / 3, (2 * knots[0].Y + knots[1].Y) / 3);

                secondControlPoints = new PointBase[1];
                // P2 = 2P1 – P0
                secondControlPoints[0] = new PointBase(2 * firstControlPoints[0].X - knots[0].X, 2 * firstControlPoints[0].Y - knots[0].Y);
                return;
            }

            // CalculateOutput first Bezier control points
            // Right hand side vector
            double[] rhs = new double[n];

            // Set right hand side X values
            for (int i = 1; i < n - 1; ++i)
                rhs[i] = 4 * knots[i].X + 2 * knots[i + 1].X;
            rhs[0] = knots[0].X + 2 * knots[1].X;
            rhs[n - 1] = (8 * knots[n - 1].X + knots[n].X) / 2.0;
            // Get first control points X-values
            double[] x = GetFirstControlPoints(rhs);

            // Set right hand side Y values
            for (int i = 1; i < n - 1; ++i)
                rhs[i] = 4 * knots[i].Y + 2 * knots[i + 1].Y;
            rhs[0] = knots[0].Y + 2 * knots[1].Y;
            rhs[n - 1] = (8 * knots[n - 1].Y + knots[n].Y) / 2.0;
            // Get first control points Y-values
            double[] y = GetFirstControlPoints(rhs);

            // Fill output arrays.
            firstControlPoints = new PointBase[n];
            secondControlPoints = new PointBase[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            {
                // First control point
                firstControlPoints[i] = new PointBase(x[i], y[i]);
                // Second control point
                if (i < n - 1)
                    secondControlPoints[i] = new PointBase(2 * knots[i + 1].X - x[i + 1], 2 * knots[i + 1].Y - y[i + 1]);
                else
                    secondControlPoints[i] = new PointBase((knots[n].X + x[n - 1]) / 2, (knots[n].Y + y[n - 1]) / 2);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Solves a tridiagonal system for one of coordinates (x or y) of first Bezier control points.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="rhs">Right hand side vector.</param>
        /// <returns>Solution vector.</returns>
        private static double[] GetFirstControlPoints(double[] rhs)
        {
            int n = rhs.Length;
            double[] x = new double[n]; // Solution vector.
            double[] tmp = new double[n]; // Temp workspace.

            double b = 2.0;
            x[0] = rhs[0] / b;
            for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) // Decomposition and forward substitution.
            {
                tmp[i] = 1 / b;
                b = (i < n - 1 ? 4.0 : 3.5) - tmp[i];
                x[i] = (rhs[i] - x[i - 1]) / b;
            }
            for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
                x[n - i - 1] -= tmp[n - i] * x[n - i]; // Backsubstitution.

            return x;
        }
    }
}
